What did War Communism
consist of?
Towns:
The state took control of industry
Factories were told what to produce
Lenin’s managers were put in charge of factories instead
of workers’ committees
Strict discipline was imposed on the workers
Trade unions were not allowed
Workers were prevented from leaving the cities
Food was rationed and people could only get a ration card if
they were working
The bread ration was sometimes as low as 200 grammes a day.
Larger rations were only given to factory workers and soldiers
Basic prices rose by 20/50/100/600 times.
Workers wages rose 20/50 or even 100 times
The salary of the middles classes (professionals) rose no more
than 3 times.
Money was virtually worthless
The rouble of 1920 was worth 1% of its 1917 value
By 1920 wages were often paid in food or other goods
Many people bartered goods instead of using money
An illegal Black Market flourished.
Housing committees distributed rooms in houses as they saw fit.
Many middle class people, unable to get jobs or rations, sold
their belongings to survive.
Many nobles and middle-class Russians fled abroad.
Countryside:
The peasants were unwillingly to sell their grain for money
which had no value.
They reacted violently against Commissars sent to collect grain.
The Cheka was sent to seize surplus food
Peasants found hoarding surplus supplies were punished
The Cheka became increasingly brutal.
People opposing the government were arrested and shot without
trial or sent to labour camps.
THE IMPACT OF WAR COMMUNISM.
Economic Impact of War Communism on industry/towns.
Industrial output fell disastrously.
For example between 1913 and 1921 coal production fell by twenty
million tons, oil output fell to half its 1913 level, and by
1921 iron and steel output was barely one tenth of the 1913
figure.
Money became virtually worthless since the rouble of 1920 was
worth 1% of its 1917 value.
An illegal Black Market flourished, wages were often paid in
food or other goods and people bartered goods instead of using
money. Some cities were in chaos with no heat and light and
gangs of thieves and robbers roamed the streets.
Many middle class people, unable to get jobs or rations, sold
their belongings to survive.
The salary of those middle classe workers fortunate enough to
find jobs failed to keep pace with inflation (their salaries
rose no more than 3 times whilst basic prices rose by 20-600
times) so many nobles and middle-class Russians (teachers, journalists,
doctors) fled abroad resulting in a ‘brain drain’.
Economic Impact of War Communism on agriculture/countryside.
Agriculture collapsed.
Grain production fell from 80 million tons in 1913 to barely
40m by 1921 (halved?).
Famine occurred because the disruption of war and grain requisitioning
had led to low grain harvests.
International aid had to be requested in 1921 when a drought
reduced the grain yield still further.
Some resorted to cannibalism and 5 million people died. |